Literature Evaluation Table
Learner Name:
PICOT:

 
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Article Title and Year Published
Research Questions/ Hypothesis, and Purpose/Aim of Study
Design (Quantitative, Qualitative, or other)
Setting/Sample
Methods: Intervention/ Instruments
Analysis/Data Collection
Outcomes/Key Findings
Recommendations
Explanation of How the Article Supports Your Proposed EBP Practice Project Proposal
Chawla et al. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(1), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_228_18
Impact of health education on knowledge, attitude, practices and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, 2019. The study has no standalone research question or hypothesis. However, it aims “to assess the positive impact of health education on knowledge attitude, and practices with effectively improved patient glycemic control in type 2 DM.” Quantitative A tertiary care facility in India, with a sample of a hundred diabetes patients. Health education intervention using verbal sessions and leaflets for the case group.
Data collection was via HbA1c tests and a knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire. The study performed statistical analysis of the quantitative data using SPSS. The intervention group had higher knowledge, attitude, and practice scores than the control group. There was also a larger reduction in HbA1c levels compared to the control group. Caregivers should supplement primary clinical diabetes care with education to improve outcomes and health practices. The article shows comprehensive care transcending basic pharmacotherapy is critical to improving clinical outcomes.
La Regina et al. Pharmacy, 8(4), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8040193
A New Case Manager for Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Observational Study of the Role of Community Pharmacists and Pharmacy Services in the Case Management of Diabetic Patients, 2020 There is no standalone research requestion/hypothesis.
The study sought to explore the unexpressed potential of pharmacies and community pharmacists in managing type 2 diabetes. Quantitative Rural community population in Emilia Romagna. The sample size of 40. The pharmacies enhanced access to services necessary for adherence to the individual care plans, e.g., lab tests. They also provided adequate support for care management through telemedicine. Data collection via clinical history and demographic data collection, clinical testing and observation, and quality-assessment questionnaire.
Statistical analysis.
The interventions improved adherence to the individual care plans. Support services to enhance adherence to individual care plans for diabetes management are crucial to improving outcomes. The improved adherence results from integrated case management, resulting in fewer emergency visits and hospitalizations.
Martos-Cabrera et al. Healthcare, 9(7), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070832
Nursing-Intense Health Education Intervention for Persons with Type 2 Diabetes: A Quasi-Experimental Study, 2021. No research question/hypothesis
The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an intensive health education intervention in improving HbA1c levels among diabetes patients. Quantitative Primary care clinics in Andalusia (Spain), the sample size of 249 Intensive interventions involving weekly consultations and group support, health education, diet & exercise, nursing care plan execution, screening, and HbA1c analysis. The distribution of interventions varied for the control and intervention groups. HbA1c tests, sociodemographic data collection, and health outcome assessment (e.g., BMI, hypertension, retinopathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot risk).
Statistical analysis Statistically significant improvement in HbA1c scores for both groups (6.97 to 6.75 for the control and 8.97 to 8.06 for the intervention). Primary caregivers should engage in strategic and patient-centered education to enhance clinical and social outcomes for diabetes patients. The study highlights the role of education in the case management of diabetes.
Awang Ahmad et al. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 19(2), 1537–1542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00688-w
Self-Care Management of Patients with Diabetes: nurses’ perspectives, 2020. Research questions:
1. How do nurses educate patients with diabetes on self-care management?
2. What strategies are being used to educate patients with diabetes on self-care management?
3. What are the challenges for nurses to educate patients with diabetes on self-care management?
The study sought to “explore diabetic nurse educators’ experiences of providing education on self- care management to patient with diabetes.” Qualitative Nurse educators in Brunei-Muara. A sample size of 9. Semi-structured focus group interview based on the research questions. Transcription of audio records followed by thematic analysis. Factors for effective teaching: Patients’ education level, knowledge, and understanding.
Barriers: Psychological, financial, lack of family support
Overcoming barriers: Psychological, family, and financial support. Nurses and other case managers should be conscious of patients’ social, psychological, and economic status to facilitate effective education for diabetes management. The study highlights potential factors that could reduce or enhance the efficacy of case management and patient education.
Egede, L. E., Dismuke, C. E., Walker, R. J., Williams, J. S., & Eiler, C. Health Equity, 5(1), 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0134
Cost-Effectiveness of Technology-Assisted Case Management in Low-Income, Rural Adults with Type 2 Diabetes, 2021. No research question/hypothesis
The study examined the cost-effectiveness of technology-assisted case management (TACM) compared to usual care (standard office procedures) for low-income rural adults with type 2 diabetes. Quantitative Federally Qualified Health Center in South Carolina; sample size = 85. The researchers used the FORA 2-in-1 Telehealth System for case management within the control group and compared the cost-outcome results to in-person case management processes. The study collected clinical outcome data (HbA1c) and computed the financial costs of both approaches.
Statistical analysis of financial and clinical data. TACM is a cost-effective diabetes management approach for vulnerable type 2 diabetes patients, averaging USD 6300 per individual. The use of telehealth should be an integral component of case management to promote the financial sustainability of chronic disease management. The article presents an alternative approach for case management that maintains clinical efficacy but at lower costs to consumers.
Adu et al. PloS One, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217771
Enablers and barriers to effective diabetes self-management: A multi-national investigation, 2019. No research question/hypothesis.
The purpose of the study is to identify gaps and barriers in optimal diabetes self-management. Mixed methods. International participants pool totaling 217. Survey for quantitative assessment and phone interviews for qualitative measurement. Data collection was via online surveys and phone interviews. Statistical data analysis for quantitative outcomes and thematic analysis for qualitative. Gaps include stress recognition and management and exercise & food intake planning. Enablers include the will to avoid complications and the use of technology. Case managers should address common chronic disease management challenges to enhance clinical diabetes outcomes. The study illustrates the challenges that hinder effective diabetes management, thereby emphasizing the importance of patient education and nurse-led case management.
Guo et al. PloS One, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241516
Processes and outcomes of diabetes mellitus care by different types of team primary care models, 2020. The study sought “to compare the processes and outcomes of care provided to older patients with diabetes by primary care teams comprised of only primary care physicians (PCPs) versus team care that included nurse practitioners (NPs) or physician assistants (PAs).” Quantitative Medicare claims data for primary care service areas. Sample size = 1400. The study entailed collecting claims data from Medicare. Retrospective data collective and statistical analysis Care involving NPs or PAs recorded better care management outcomes than PCP-only teams. Nurses and physician assistants are integral to effective case management for diabetes by providing holistic knowledge and practices. The study highlights the role of nurses in intensive care management and patient education.
Kumar et al. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 22(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-01110-7
Effectiveness of health education intervention on diabetes mellitus among the teachers working in public sector schools of Pakistan, 2022. No research question/ hypothesis.
The purpose of the study was to the effectiveness of health education intervention on diabetes mellitus outcomes. Quantitative Pakistani teachers, sample size = 136. The researchers conducted a health education intervention and used the Health Literacy Survey in Europe tool to record outcomes. Data collection was via a survey. The researchers then performed statistical analysis. The education increased knowledge scores post-intervention. Intensive and structured patient education is critical to enhancing DM knowledge and improving clinical outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of patient education as part of the disease management protocol.
Kamat et al. Innovations in Pharmacy, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i4.2064
Trends and Disparities in Quality of Diabetes Care in the US: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2016, (2019). No research question/hypothesis Quantitative Diverse American adults with diabetes. N = 7521. The study aggregated data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). There was no primary data collection since the data was available from the survey reports and databases. The study utilized statistical analytical methods to analyze the findings. Priorities for diabetes-related care needs and outcomes varied among ethnicities, such as more eye and foot checkups and education for Blacks than Whites. There was also more achievement of HbA1c goals for Whites than Blacks. Diabetes care managers should consider patients’ cultural backgrounds and their influence on health patterns when developing diabetes management and education plans. The study highlights the importance of education and case management in ensuring optimal clinical outcomes for culturally-diverse diabetes patients.
Kjellsdotter et al. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(1), 1726856. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1726856
To take charge of one’s life – group-based education for patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care – a lifeworld approach, 2020. No research question/hypothesis.
The study purposed to describe patients’ experiences of group-based education using the ‘Taking Charge of One’s Life with Type 2 Diabetes’ model. Qualitative Sweden, sample size = 12. Five two-hour education sessions. Baseline and post-intervention data collection. Audio transcription and phenomenological analysis. The didactic teaching method allowed the participants to learn from each other, enhance their diabetes-related self-awareness, and be motivated to improve their disease management approaches. Shared-experiences learning makes patient education practical and realistic, enhancing its effectiveness in improving diabetes’ clinical and social outcomes. The study presents an integrated patient education approach that facilitates bilateral knowledge sharing.